The Whole History of the Earth and Life

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more than 4.5 billion years ago the

Milky Way galaxy collided with a nearby

dwarf galaxy this encounter hastened the

formation of stars our solar system is a

part of the Milky Way galaxy within the

solar system material circulation had

been progressing

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the water component from the outer

region evaporated to make materials try

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through this process particles were

zonally distributed depending on their

water content the bipolar flow stopped

and with it material circulation some

regions around the Sun with high

particle density appeared within these

regions collisions frequently occurred

small particles gradually grew to become

planetesimals

planetesimals continued colliding with

smaller particles and other

planetesimals eventually growing to

planets such as the earth

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a number of planets were moving in the

same orbit

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the early Earth collided with a smaller

mars-sized planet

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debris from this impact eventually came

to form our moon

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the earth-moon system as we know it

today was in place

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the early dry earth had neither an

atmosphere nor an ocean countless

planetesimals and icy planets of barded

the earth over a period of 200 million

years

an ocean atmosphere system is being

formed from carbon hydrogen oxygen and

nitrogen contained in planetesimals at

that time the ocean was still toxic with

high salinity and an overabundance of

heavy metals it was too toxic to support

life

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asteroids that reached a diameter of

1,000 kilometers

flew into the earth on impact both the

crust and asteroids became plasma in an

instant the surface was covered with

magma in the center of the crater a

basaltic central cone formed this

creates an up flow in the mantle as the

magma cooled and solidified a basaltic

crust thinner than the continental crust

formed this is called oceanic crust

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surface water flowed into the giant

crater forming small puddles that turned

into one large ocean the subsequent

rising mantle created a breach in the

oceanic crust and formed a ridge

uplift of the plate by mantle convection

caused horizontal slippage due to the

weight of the plate this is plate

tectonics in action

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the oceanic plate subducting under the

lighter continental plate

weathered sediments neutralized the

heavy metals settled out and became

fixed as deposits at the mid-oceanic

ridge these deposits were transported

through plate tectonics into the deep

mantle gradually the ocean became a

habitable environment

since 4.2 billion years ago a liquid

core has formed in the center of the

earth convection within the liquid core

created a strong magnetic field

surrounding the earth this geomagnetic

field shields the Earth’s surface from

solar winds and cosmic rays the Earth’s

surface was nearing readiness for life

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the early Earth when the atmosphere

prevented sunlight from reaching the

surface primitive life was about to

emerge underground in the cave of a

geyser

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uranium ore emitted large amounts of

radiation creating a diverse range of

materials and eventually producing the

early building blocks of life water

boiled and rose up to the surface and

the surface water flowed back down into

the natural nuclear reactor the

temperature of the geyser water remained

below 100 degrees

protecting the newly formed biomolecules

the underground environment was

reductive while the surface environment

oxidizing these conditions were

necessary to synthesize biomolecules

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in the earth hidden eeeh tidal forces

were much more pronounced than they are

today

even Lakes had significant urban flow of

water creating wet and dry cycles these

wet and dry cycles were one of the most

crucial factors in producing the

building blocks of life

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fatty acids came together encasing the

proto life molecules

polymerization progressed under the wet

and dry cycles eventually protein like

basic materials that could act as

catalysts were produced these molecules

circulated between the geyser cave and

the surface environment the interactions

of these materials led to more complex

biomolecules proto RNA combined with

enzyme like basic materials and evolved

into ribozymes which had the ability to

replicate themselves

this laid the groundwork for life to

reproduce finally these molecules were

enclosed within lipid membranes forming

primitive proto cellular life

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this was the beginning of life

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the Earth’s plate tectonics which had

begun with the creation of its ocean

eventually destroyed its primordial

continent and subsumed it to the deep

mantle by four billion years ago the

mother continent had disappeared leaving

life on the margins of a fragmented

landmass

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inside the earth a dramatic change was

about to begin

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the subducted primordial continent

descended toward the core-mantle

boundary

the wealth of radioactive elements in

the primordial continent caused the

uppermost part of the core to melt

by 4.2 billion years ago the

newly-created liquid outer core was

strengthening the Earth’s magnetic field

protecting the surface environment

against solar winds and cosmic rays as a

result life could exist on the surface

environment

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the supply of energy and nutrients

through material circulation is

necessary for life the essential

mechanism to maintain life is an endless

flow of electrons the first pro to life

couldn’t survive very far from the

nuclear geyser due to insufficient

energy

mutations however allowed life to evolve

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the more resilient life-forms were able

to adapt and survive in harsh

environments

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this second stage of proto life evolved

to make use of the sunlight available on

the Earth’s surface

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they developed metabolism that converted

light energy into electrochemical energy

moreover they used sugars to store

energy for the sunless night hours

the source of energy for life on earth

shifted from nuclear geysers to the Sun

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around 4.1 billion years ago the ocean

was still extremely toxic killing off

most of the proto life-forms within it

nevertheless some proto life-forms

survived the extreme environment

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they developed protective mechanisms to

prevent the metallic ions in the ocean

water from entering their protocells

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this proto life began coalescing into

larger and more complex forms

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modern life-forms use only twenty kinds

of amino acids this means our ancestors

that used the same amino acids were the

ones that survived the mass extinction

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evolution walks a perilous tightrope

between continuing and ending unstable

RNA evolved through ionizing radiation

into more durable DNA making it possible

to reliably pass information across

generations

and the third stage of proto life was

born this was the beginning of

prokaryotic organisms the ancestors of

today’s archaea and bacteria

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oxygen when unbound to any other

material can be toxic to life because

oxygen destroys the reductive life body

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therefore the first photosynthetic

organisms would have been anaerobic

microbes which produced no oxygen life

however adapted taking advantage of

oxygen as a valuable source of

additional energy this development

resulted in the appearance of

cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria produced oxygen which

crystallized into felsic iron-bearing

oxide reducing the iron content of the

ocean still the ocean was five times as

saline as it is today as the Earth’s

interior cooled old slabs of the

primordial crust resting at the bottom

of the upper mantle fell into the lower

mantle

meanwhile numerous mantle plumes

ascended from the lower mantle into the

upper mantle this phenomenon is known as

mantle overturn mantle plumes pushed the

basaltic crust upward generating

landmass

this created shallow marine environments

penetrated by sunlight which allowed the

cyanobacteria to flourish

the oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria

gradually altered the Earth’s atmosphere

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on the ocean floor ferric and ferrous

iron were accumulating in the form of

hematite and magnetite creating a

massive banded iron formation by 2.5

billion years ago the remaining banded

iron formation was a few kilometers

thick

this rapid decrease in iron content

changed the color of the ocean to a

familiar blue life began to change the

surface environment such is the

coevolution of the earth and its

inhabitants

this was an important step in life on

Earth’s long journey toward civilization

a collision between the Milky Way and a

nearby dwarf galaxy produced countless

glowing stars within a few thousand

years some of these stars ended in

supernova explosions a myriad of cosmic

rays from the supernova deteriorated the

sun’s heliosphere and bombarded the

earth

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these cosmic rays help generate cloud

condensation nuclei which produced more

and more clouds until the earth was

completely blanketed with them the thick

cloud cover prevented sunlight from

reaching the surface of the earth the

earth underwent a global glaciation

event known as the snowball earth this

caused another global mass extinction

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but once again some life survived yet

another difficult period beneath the ice

sheet tiny life was protected by the

Earth’s massive circulating system

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and the earth is similarly held in place

by the solar system and the expansive

universe life is but one part of an

enormous system

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the prokaryotes survived the snowball

earth evolving into more complex life

such as endosymbiotic systems living

together inside cells they formed

mitochondria and chloroplasts which

allowed them to get more energy from

oxygen

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a single prokaryote body could contain

thousands of mitochondria

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a nuclear membrane formed protecting DNA

from the oxygen dense ocean water

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DNA strands grew longer retaining ever

more genetic information life evolved

into more diverse and complex organisms

at long last the eukaryotes appeared the

eukaryotes grew a million times larger

than the prokaryotes

in theory everything inevitably falls

into disorder

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and yet life is orderly and increasingly

complex life seems to continue evolving

undeterred by universal entropy

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plate tectonics caused small developing

continents to assemble into a single

supercontinent called nuna as nuna

formed its burgeoning landmass provided

cyanobacteria with an expanding habitat

in its lakes rivers wetlands and

estuaries cyanobacteria produces free

oxygen through photosynthesis at that

time however most of the free oxygen

produced was consumed in decomposing

dead cyanobacteria so very little free

oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere on

land however dead cyanobacteria got

buried under sediments

so oxygen that would have broken down

their bodies instead ended up in the

atmosphere the presence of a large

landmass helped increase the amount of

oxygen in the atmosphere as the total

land area on the surface of the earth

increased so too did atmospheric oxygen

levels dramatically

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over time the nuna supercontinent broke

up into smaller continents

but once again plate techtonics

reassembled a supercontinent this one

called Rodinia in equator region slabs

of oceanic plates subducted under

continental plates gradually accumulated

in the mantle transition zone eventually

these slabs fell down into the core the

slabs cooled the outer core changing the

flow of electricity within as a result

the cores dipole magnetic fields

transformed into a weaker quadrupole

magnetic field the Milky Way galaxy

collided with a dwarf galaxy and

underwent to transition into starburst

conditions over time these newly

produced stars ended in supernova

explosions bombarding the earth with

cosmic rays the earth with its weak

quadrupole magnetic field was heavily

affected clouds covered the entire earth

and ice covered its surface a series of

supernova explosions occurred long

periods of extreme heat were punctuated

by shorter periods of extreme cold in

the extremely cold periods oxygen in the

atmosphere fell to Archaean Eon levels

causing mass extinctions

these mass extinctions however created

great opportunities for life to evolve

into something completely new repeated

in fluxes of cosmic rays and drastic

fluctuations in oxygen levels these

environmental changes caused genetic

mutations that accelerated the

appearance of new species

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the starburst period ended and the

Earth’s core reverted to a stronger

dipole magnetic field ongoing

photosynthesis returned the oxygen in

the atmosphere to previous levels

meanwhile the Inner Earth was gradually

cooling down when the Inner Earth is hot

enough the components of water trapped

in minerals in the oceanic plates are

released to the surface environment and

the sea water level is unaffected

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however once the mantle temperature

drops below 650 degrees Celsius minerals

carry these water components down into

the upper mantle

meanwhile on the surface deprived of the

components of water sea levels gradually

decrease this is known as the leaking

earth phenomena which is inevitable on a

cooling planet this leaking effect moved

3% of all sea water into the deeper

mantle sea level dropped by 600 metres

as a result surface land areas grew as

did continental shelf areas receiving

sunlight a habitat for future life on

earth was being created rivers carried

nutrients from the inlands down to the

continental shelves and the additional

landmass significantly accelerated the

build-up of oxygen in the atmosphere

these processes set the stage for an

explosive evolution of life-forms

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extreme climate changes continued

putting life on a path to new

evolutional stages for survival life

evolved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes

living together as ever larger symbiotic

organisms compensating for each other’s

shortcomings and thriving as a whole

this greatly expanded the possibilities

for forms of life

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life forms grew to 1 million times the

size of eukaryotes and 1 trillion times

the size of prokaryotes the appearance

of multicellular life was a critical

leap for evolution

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another glaciation period came and life

suffered a mass extinction with time

this glaciation also passed and the

global climate gradually warmed

phosphorus and other materials essential

for life circulated through the climate

system and accumulated in the oceans the

animals of the Ediacaran period appeared

at this time dick and Sonia are iconic

among the Ediacaran fauna

some grew to over 1 metre in length they

were soft bodied creatures with no shell

or skeleton

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they probably lived in warm shallow

marine environments around the Rodinia

supercontinent

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the supply of nutrients from the land

was ever-increasing as was atmospheric

oxygen the amount of ferrous iron in the

oceans increased the ferrous iron

oxidized once again creating large bands

of iron phosphorus and calcium levels in

the ocean increased life evolved to use

these elements becoming animals with

bones and shells for example the calcium

helped protect micro dikteon from other

animals their bodies used calcium to

form a covering of hard scales life

evolves to survive making use of the

elements in its environment and the

Earth’s environment alters the shapes of

life

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the earth entered another period of

climactic instability the earth

alternated between periods of extreme

heat and extreme cold for tens of

millions of years these severe changes

killed off the Ediacaran fauna

nevertheless new species were about to

appear radiation from inside the earth

plays a significant role in the

evolution of life

a continental rift is a place where a

continent breaks open to expose erupting

magma and radioactive elements radiation

hastens the creation of new species and

new branches in the Tree of Life

this is stem evolution creating new

species at continental rifts

life evolved separately on each small

continent when small continents

recombined their life forms crossbred

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different crossbreeding ‘he’s created

new forms of life variation thrived

this is crown evolution continental

collisions created more diverse surface

environments bays and gulfs on large

continents were especially well supplied

with nutrients from upstream making use

of these nutrients Cambrian era

life-forms diversified much more quickly

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the Cambrian explosion created some 35

new phyla

these phyla became the foundation for

the types of plants and animals we see

today

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there are three main ways that life

evolved mass extinctions that eradicated

many species stem evolution that

hastened genetic mutations when

continents broke apart and crown

evolution that hastened bio

diversification when continents collided

so the evolution of life is inextricably

linked to environmental changes due to

universal factors and continents

assembling together and breaking apart

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the ocean was more than five times as

saline as it is today 600 million years

ago the ocean gradually became less

salty salt from seawater was relocated

to the land in the form of rock salt

decreasing sea levels made this possible

through more exposed land even if

seawater rose again high enough to

reclaim the rock salt most of it had

become inaccessible encased in sediments

the decrease in seawater salinity made

the ocean more hospitable to diverse

life-forms estuaries and open seas

welcomed new life with increasing

atmospheric oxygen levels an ozone layer

formed in the Earth’s upper atmosphere

the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet

radiation from the Sun the land was

becoming a more habitable environment

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Algie was the first life-form to

transition out of the water onto the

challenging land environment

this is why algae evolved before animals

did

when insects appeared they co-evolved

together with plants

appearing during the Cambrian explosion

fish were the first of the vertebrates

animals with backbones fish are the

oldest vertebrate ancestors of us humans

as fish continued to evolve xeo Steger

appeared the ancestor of amphibians

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plants flourished producing free oxygen

through photosynthesis providing the

atmosphere with 1.5 times as much oxygen

as it has today

long after the remains of these plants

would become sedimentary coal that coal

would help fuel the remarkable

breakthroughs for human civilization

that started with the Industrial

Revolution

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next vertebrates equipped with lungs

appeared and made their way onto land

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the tree of life evolved branching from

fish to amphibians to reptiles and then

dinosaurs and mammals and eventually to

humans this guy hasn’t found out about

all that just yet

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the solar system collided with the Dark

Nebula as the solar system passed

through the nebula the earth was

bombarded with cosmic rays

the earth entered yet another frozen age

plants were affected first dramatically

reducing the oxygen they supplied to the

atmosphere the surface environment

reverted to an anaerobic state like

during the Archean period the lack of

oxygen killed off most species of

amphibians reptiles and insects life

managed to continue evolving but faced

another big challenge

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untouched by the evolutionary changes on

the Earth’s surface anaerobic

microorganisms had been thriving in

oxygen-poor underground environments the

new oxygen-poor surface environment

allowed them to re-emerge on land and in

oceans their native habitat expanded

across the globe as oxygen levels rose

again these microorganisms evolved to

adapt to the new environmental

conditions setting the stage for another

phase of evolution

the emergence of new creatures that

would evolve into humans was close at

hand

you

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on the supercontinent Pangea

mammals and reptiles appeared and

started evolving under a warm climate

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while reptiles diversified into many

varieties mammals remained nocturnal rat

sized animals the mammals were in the

shadows

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with the appearance of dinosaurs

reptiles entered for Golden Age

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dinosaurs prevailed against many other

animal species and won the struggle for

survival

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high-radiation magma is produced when a

continent is split apart and this is

where stem evolution occurs due to

induced mutation dinosaurs were at the

pinnacle of their ecosystems

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the pieces of northern Pangaea that had

split later rejoined this caused crown

evolution

amalgamation of continents brings the

hybridization of life and new species

spread out to other continents

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dinosaurs flourished all over the world

in the plant world angiosperms with

advanced reproductive capacities

appeared

angiosperms utilize animals to help with

pollination and thus flourished on the

other hand the habitat of gymnosperms

was reduced primates the ancestors of

humans appeared at the rift of the

Gondwana super continent via stem

evolution new species appeared among the

rodents such as rats

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with time Gondwana split into South

America and Africa after South America

was isolated the primates there evolved

into the new world monkeys

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on the African continent the primates

evolved into the old-world monkeys after

the Indian subcontinent

split off from Antarctica primates on

this continent evolved into the lorises

primates evolved independently on each

continent and in this way many species

of primate appeared

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a large-scale Pacific super-plume pushed

the Pacific plate up and raised the sea

level lowlands fell below sea level and

the total land area decreased

rising sea-levels segmented the

continent providing isolated

environments for individualized

morphological evolution

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a universe scale event had changed

Earth’s surface environment the solar

system collided with a Dark Nebula the

earth was entirely covered by clouds

global cooling progressed catastrophic

Li damaging ecosystems

you

finally a meteorite ten kilometers

across fell on the Yucatan Peninsula

this event was the final trigger to

cause the mass extinction of dinosaurs

the fate of the Earth’s life is deeply

connected to the events in the universe

universe scale events can cause global

cooling and mass extinctions

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moreover galactic cosmic rays directly

affect the DNA that carries the

blueprints of life

cosmic rays cause mutations which

promote evolution

all aspects of life on the earth are

thus influenced by universe scale events

finally the dinosaurs that had

flourished went extinct

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along the African Rift Valley explosive

volcanic activity continued and peculiar

magma containing abundant radioactive

elements erupted old world monkeys a new

clade of primates appeared there they

are thought to be our remote ancestors

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about 4.5 billion years have passed

since the birth of the earth

large fluctuations in terrestrial

environments have occurred repeatedly a

never-ending cycle of life and death

finally human beings appeared this was

the onset of the humans Oh Akhil

humans have a unique set of genetic

regions called human accelerated regions

or har s and these regions differentiate

humans from other animals humans

developed enlarged brains that enable

them to gain language capabilities they

also gained the abilities to think to be

conscious to remember and to imagine

the brain volume of human beings has

discontinuously increased in three

stages the growth of brain volume seems

to be synchronized with large-scale

volcanic eruptions this indicates that

the increase in brain volume is caused

by stem evolution driven by high our

magma

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about 1 million two hundred thousand

years ago humans started moving out of

the African continent the last common

female ancestor who left the African

continent 200,000 years ago is called

mitochondrial Eve descendants of

mitochondrial Eve entered North America

and Central America fifteen thousand

years ago ten thousand years ago further

descendents reached the southern tip of

South America they had spread all over

the world since then an epical advance

of human civilization has taken place

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humans invented agriculture and

livestock production with these methods

a stable food supply became possible

human populations increased rapidly

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various occupational specializations

arose people began to barter and trade

to enable effective bartering cities

formed

with time small cities developed into

small city states with currencies

economies laws courts and police finally

the four great civilizations of the

world appeared along large rivers where

food productivity is higher than in

other regions conflicts in fighting over

territory occurred between civilizations

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to avoid fighting religions spread to

replace governance by royal families

entrenched through inheritance with time

national leaders came to be elected by

voters modern democratic nations

appeared democracy is a social form that

grants freedom equality and basic human

rights the Industrial Revolution began

in Great Britain after the Principia by

Isaac Newton was published

new technologies established or applied

based on scientific knowledge

dramatically changed human society the

invention of the steam locomotive

enabled transportation of goods by

railway the invention of cars and

airplanes enabled us to travel long

distances easily

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human society entered the age of

never-before-seen abundance

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however war occurred incessantly

sometimes irreversible tragedy was

caused by the misapplication of

scientific knowledge

the information revolution arose

following the invention of computers it

enabled human beings to explore the

universe as was symbolized by the Apollo

program and the invention of the

internet led to a new era in which

people across the world can connect with

each other in an instant

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out of contrition over past Wars the

birth of a unified world nation is

coming to be realized in 1993 the EU was

formed as a unified state in Europe

where Wars had recurred most frequently

in other areas similar Federation’s have

been emerging bringing us closer to the

birth of a unified world nation

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within the scope of Earth’s history the

human azoic era is very short however it

is humans entire history unfolding

within the context of the Earth’s

history

biologically human beings are just one

species of animal

however we are essentially different

from other animals because of our

evolved brains

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what else lies ahead for human beings

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you

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human activities have been dependent on

fossil fuel fossil fuel was produced and

accumulated through Earth’s history over

billions of years we are now using up

these fuels at a furious pace the amount

of fossil fuel remaining is expected to

decrease sharply after 2020

it was once assumed that fossil fuel

would one out by 2100 however due to the

shale gas revolution this depletion will

be delayed 100 years progress in medical

technology and the intake of nutritious

meals has caused explosive population

growth as a result serious food

shortages will occur around 2020 these

will mark the beginning of the era of 3

billion refugees however the world’s

population is expected to decrease to 5

billion by 2100 after peaking at 10

billion in 2050 until 2050 the

increasing population will continue to

cause serious environmental

contamination numerous global challenges

will amplify the anxiety within human

societies what does the future of human

beings hold

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in the field of science innovative

technologies will be developed at an

accelerated pace humans will build a

space base on the moon to prepare for

exploration of our solar systems planets

artificially intelligent robots will be

involved in space exploration assisting

humans in their tasks in the near future

self-replicating robots will appear and

will evolve beyond humans limits

these artificial life-forms will

gradually travel out into the galaxy

moreover new technology enabling us to

go into different dimensions will be

developed humans must become able to

recognize the world beyond space and

time eventually the role of human beings

will be finished

that will be the end of the human is

Owen era

this scenario may be the inevitable

result of the strategy of life’s

evolution because in the future the

earth will face more upheavals than ever

before in its history centering on Asia

all continents will gather to form the

supercontinent Amasia

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plants consume atmospheric co2 to fix

carbon in their bodies dead plants made

of fixed carbon are covered by sediment

this process plays a role in reducing

atmospheric co2 the appearance of the

supercontinent Amasia will lead to an

increase in the land area that can fix

carbon more plants on a larger

supercontinent reduce more atmospheric

co2 the amount of co2 will decrease to

one tenth of the present level the c4

plants requiring higher concentrations

of co2 will go extinct as a result other

animals that rely on the c4 plants for

food will be affected seawater has been

decreasing for the past 600 million

years

as it has been transported into the

mantle in the form of hydras minerals

finally mid-oceanic ridges formed

summits above the seawater

water cannot be taken into the crust as

a lubricant anymore and plate tectonics

is terminated

this is the fate of a cooling planet

volcanic activity along these subduction

zone stops upheaval of the mountains

stops the earth suffers severe

environmental changes due to erosion

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subducted cold plates do not go down to

the bottom of the mantle the outer core

is not cooled down anymore and the

geomagnetic field disappears

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Earth’s atmosphere is removed by the

solar wind

at this point in time large

multicellular animals living in the

surface environment go extinct when the

ocean disappears animals that survived

in the ocean will also die

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finally all the Earth’s life disappears

the heating up of the solar surface

increases the Earth’s surface

temperature to 500 degrees Celsius the

earth becomes a Venus like planet

the andromeda galaxy collides with our

Milky Way galaxy because of this

collision the birth rate of stars

increases with time those stars undergo

supernova explosions intense galactic

cosmic rays rain on the earth

the expanding Sun will swallow the earth

this is the day when the planet Earth

that gave birth to life will disappear

from the universe

by that time the Earth’s life will have

reached other galaxies as

self-replicating artificial life in a

different form

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