[Music]
00:16
more than 4.5 billion years ago the
00:19
Milky Way galaxy collided with a nearby
00:22
dwarf galaxy this encounter hastened the
00:25
formation of stars our solar system is a
00:30
part of the Milky Way galaxy within the
00:37
solar system material circulation had
00:39
been progressing
00:42
[Music]
00:48
the water component from the outer
00:50
region evaporated to make materials try
00:55
[Music]
00:59
through this process particles were
01:02
zonally distributed depending on their
01:04
water content the bipolar flow stopped
01:09
and with it material circulation some
01:14
regions around the Sun with high
01:17
particle density appeared within these
01:22
regions collisions frequently occurred
01:24
small particles gradually grew to become
01:27
planetesimals
01:34
planetesimals continued colliding with
01:36
smaller particles and other
01:38
planetesimals eventually growing to
01:41
planets such as the earth
01:42
[Music]
01:53
[Music]
02:01
a number of planets were moving in the
02:04
same orbit
02:04
[Music]
02:08
the early Earth collided with a smaller
02:11
mars-sized planet
02:27
[Music]
02:33
debris from this impact eventually came
02:36
to form our moon
02:37
[Music]
02:43
the earth-moon system as we know it
02:46
today was in place
02:48
[Music]
03:10
the early dry earth had neither an
03:14
atmosphere nor an ocean countless
03:18
planetesimals and icy planets of barded
03:22
the earth over a period of 200 million
03:26
years
03:27
an ocean atmosphere system is being
03:30
formed from carbon hydrogen oxygen and
03:33
nitrogen contained in planetesimals at
03:39
that time the ocean was still toxic with
03:42
high salinity and an overabundance of
03:45
heavy metals it was too toxic to support
03:50
life
03:58
[Music]
04:00
asteroids that reached a diameter of
04:03
1,000 kilometers
04:05
flew into the earth on impact both the
04:11
crust and asteroids became plasma in an
04:15
instant the surface was covered with
04:19
magma in the center of the crater a
04:23
basaltic central cone formed this
04:29
creates an up flow in the mantle as the
04:34
magma cooled and solidified a basaltic
04:37
crust thinner than the continental crust
04:39
formed this is called oceanic crust
04:44
[Music]
04:49
surface water flowed into the giant
04:52
crater forming small puddles that turned
04:55
into one large ocean the subsequent
05:05
rising mantle created a breach in the
05:08
oceanic crust and formed a ridge
05:15
uplift of the plate by mantle convection
05:18
caused horizontal slippage due to the
05:21
weight of the plate this is plate
05:25
tectonics in action
05:29
[Music]
05:37
the oceanic plate subducting under the
05:40
lighter continental plate
05:53
weathered sediments neutralized the
05:56
ultra acidic ocean
06:05
heavy metals settled out and became
06:08
fixed as deposits at the mid-oceanic
06:11
ridge these deposits were transported
06:15
through plate tectonics into the deep
06:18
mantle gradually the ocean became a
06:29
habitable environment
06:36
since 4.2 billion years ago a liquid
06:40
core has formed in the center of the
06:42
earth convection within the liquid core
06:45
created a strong magnetic field
06:48
surrounding the earth this geomagnetic
06:52
field shields the Earth’s surface from
06:55
solar winds and cosmic rays the Earth’s
06:59
surface was nearing readiness for life
07:10
[Music]
07:19
the early Earth when the atmosphere
07:21
prevented sunlight from reaching the
07:23
surface primitive life was about to
07:28
emerge underground in the cave of a
07:31
geyser
07:35
[Music]
07:44
uranium ore emitted large amounts of
07:46
radiation creating a diverse range of
07:49
materials and eventually producing the
07:52
early building blocks of life water
08:02
boiled and rose up to the surface and
08:05
the surface water flowed back down into
08:07
the natural nuclear reactor the
08:11
temperature of the geyser water remained
08:13
below 100 degrees
08:15
protecting the newly formed biomolecules
08:18
the underground environment was
08:20
reductive while the surface environment
08:23
oxidizing these conditions were
08:25
necessary to synthesize biomolecules
08:29
[Music]
08:32
in the earth hidden eeeh tidal forces
08:35
were much more pronounced than they are
08:37
today
08:40
even Lakes had significant urban flow of
08:44
water creating wet and dry cycles these
08:48
wet and dry cycles were one of the most
08:51
crucial factors in producing the
08:53
building blocks of life
08:56
[Music]
09:10
fatty acids came together encasing the
09:13
proto life molecules
09:33
polymerization progressed under the wet
09:35
and dry cycles eventually protein like
09:39
basic materials that could act as
09:42
catalysts were produced these molecules
09:50
circulated between the geyser cave and
09:52
the surface environment the interactions
09:55
of these materials led to more complex
09:57
biomolecules proto RNA combined with
10:10
enzyme like basic materials and evolved
10:13
into ribozymes which had the ability to
10:17
replicate themselves
10:20
this laid the groundwork for life to
10:24
reproduce finally these molecules were
10:32
enclosed within lipid membranes forming
10:35
primitive proto cellular life
10:38
[Music]
10:52
this was the beginning of life
10:59
[Music]
11:15
[Music]
11:19
the Earth’s plate tectonics which had
11:22
begun with the creation of its ocean
11:24
eventually destroyed its primordial
11:26
continent and subsumed it to the deep
11:29
mantle by four billion years ago the
11:36
mother continent had disappeared leaving
11:38
life on the margins of a fragmented
11:40
landmass
11:44
[Music]
11:51
inside the earth a dramatic change was
11:55
about to begin
12:01
[Music]
12:04
the subducted primordial continent
12:06
descended toward the core-mantle
12:08
boundary
12:15
the wealth of radioactive elements in
12:17
the primordial continent caused the
12:19
uppermost part of the core to melt
12:30
by 4.2 billion years ago the
12:33
newly-created liquid outer core was
12:35
strengthening the Earth’s magnetic field
12:38
protecting the surface environment
12:39
against solar winds and cosmic rays as a
12:47
result life could exist on the surface
12:50
environment
12:52
[Music]
13:02
the supply of energy and nutrients
13:05
through material circulation is
13:06
necessary for life the essential
13:11
mechanism to maintain life is an endless
13:14
flow of electrons the first pro to life
13:19
couldn’t survive very far from the
13:21
nuclear geyser due to insufficient
13:23
energy
13:34
mutations however allowed life to evolve
13:38
[Music]
13:41
the more resilient life-forms were able
13:44
to adapt and survive in harsh
13:46
environments
13:50
[Music]
13:54
this second stage of proto life evolved
13:57
to make use of the sunlight available on
14:00
the Earth’s surface
14:01
[Music]
14:07
they developed metabolism that converted
14:10
light energy into electrochemical energy
14:18
moreover they used sugars to store
14:21
energy for the sunless night hours
14:28
the source of energy for life on earth
14:31
shifted from nuclear geysers to the Sun
14:35
[Music]
14:56
around 4.1 billion years ago the ocean
15:00
was still extremely toxic killing off
15:03
most of the proto life-forms within it
15:08
nevertheless some proto life-forms
15:11
survived the extreme environment
15:14
[Music]
15:25
they developed protective mechanisms to
15:28
prevent the metallic ions in the ocean
15:30
water from entering their protocells
15:33
[Music]
15:40
this proto life began coalescing into
15:43
larger and more complex forms
15:46
[Music]
15:51
modern life-forms use only twenty kinds
15:54
of amino acids this means our ancestors
15:59
that used the same amino acids were the
16:01
ones that survived the mass extinction
16:03
[Music]
16:06
evolution walks a perilous tightrope
16:08
between continuing and ending unstable
16:13
RNA evolved through ionizing radiation
16:16
into more durable DNA making it possible
16:20
to reliably pass information across
16:22
generations
16:25
and the third stage of proto life was
16:29
born this was the beginning of
16:35
prokaryotic organisms the ancestors of
16:38
today’s archaea and bacteria
16:49
[Music]
17:01
oxygen when unbound to any other
17:04
material can be toxic to life because
17:07
oxygen destroys the reductive life body
17:09
[Music]
17:19
therefore the first photosynthetic
17:22
organisms would have been anaerobic
17:24
microbes which produced no oxygen life
17:36
however adapted taking advantage of
17:39
oxygen as a valuable source of
17:46
additional energy this development
17:57
resulted in the appearance of
17:59
cyanobacteria
18:09
cyanobacteria produced oxygen which
18:12
crystallized into felsic iron-bearing
18:14
oxide reducing the iron content of the
18:17
ocean still the ocean was five times as
18:21
saline as it is today as the Earth’s
18:35
interior cooled old slabs of the
18:39
primordial crust resting at the bottom
18:42
of the upper mantle fell into the lower
18:44
mantle
19:01
meanwhile numerous mantle plumes
19:04
ascended from the lower mantle into the
19:06
upper mantle this phenomenon is known as
19:11
mantle overturn mantle plumes pushed the
19:15
basaltic crust upward generating
19:17
landmass
19:25
this created shallow marine environments
19:28
penetrated by sunlight which allowed the
19:31
cyanobacteria to flourish
19:48
the oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria
19:51
gradually altered the Earth’s atmosphere
19:54
[Music]
19:58
on the ocean floor ferric and ferrous
20:02
iron were accumulating in the form of
20:05
hematite and magnetite creating a
20:07
massive banded iron formation by 2.5
20:12
billion years ago the remaining banded
20:14
iron formation was a few kilometers
20:17
thick
20:18
this rapid decrease in iron content
20:21
changed the color of the ocean to a
20:24
familiar blue life began to change the
20:28
surface environment such is the
20:31
coevolution of the earth and its
20:33
inhabitants
20:35
this was an important step in life on
20:38
Earth’s long journey toward civilization
20:44
a collision between the Milky Way and a
21:05
nearby dwarf galaxy produced countless
21:08
glowing stars within a few thousand
21:14
years some of these stars ended in
21:17
supernova explosions a myriad of cosmic
21:22
rays from the supernova deteriorated the
21:24
sun’s heliosphere and bombarded the
21:27
earth
21:31
[Music]
21:34
these cosmic rays help generate cloud
21:37
condensation nuclei which produced more
21:40
and more clouds until the earth was
21:42
completely blanketed with them the thick
21:46
cloud cover prevented sunlight from
21:48
reaching the surface of the earth the
21:56
earth underwent a global glaciation
21:58
event known as the snowball earth this
22:02
caused another global mass extinction
22:06
[Music]
22:18
but once again some life survived yet
22:22
another difficult period beneath the ice
22:24
sheet tiny life was protected by the
22:32
Earth’s massive circulating system
22:36
[Music]
22:40
and the earth is similarly held in place
22:43
by the solar system and the expansive
22:45
universe life is but one part of an
22:54
enormous system
23:00
[Music]
23:19
the prokaryotes survived the snowball
23:21
earth evolving into more complex life
23:24
such as endosymbiotic systems living
23:27
together inside cells they formed
23:33
mitochondria and chloroplasts which
23:36
allowed them to get more energy from
23:37
oxygen
23:43
[Music]
23:52
a single prokaryote body could contain
23:55
thousands of mitochondria
23:57
[Music]
24:02
a nuclear membrane formed protecting DNA
24:07
from the oxygen dense ocean water
24:11
[Music]
24:17
DNA strands grew longer retaining ever
24:20
more genetic information life evolved
24:26
into more diverse and complex organisms
24:34
at long last the eukaryotes appeared the
24:41
eukaryotes grew a million times larger
24:44
than the prokaryotes
24:49
in theory everything inevitably falls
24:52
into disorder
24:55
[Music]
24:57
and yet life is orderly and increasingly
25:01
complex life seems to continue evolving
25:09
undeterred by universal entropy
25:13
[Music]
25:25
[Music]
25:29
plate tectonics caused small developing
25:32
continents to assemble into a single
25:35
supercontinent called nuna as nuna
25:40
formed its burgeoning landmass provided
25:43
cyanobacteria with an expanding habitat
25:47
in its lakes rivers wetlands and
25:50
estuaries cyanobacteria produces free
26:00
oxygen through photosynthesis at that
26:05
time however most of the free oxygen
26:07
produced was consumed in decomposing
26:10
dead cyanobacteria so very little free
26:14
oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere on
26:16
land however dead cyanobacteria got
26:21
buried under sediments
26:25
so oxygen that would have broken down
26:28
their bodies instead ended up in the
26:31
atmosphere the presence of a large
26:34
landmass helped increase the amount of
26:37
oxygen in the atmosphere as the total
26:40
land area on the surface of the earth
26:42
increased so too did atmospheric oxygen
26:45
levels dramatically
26:47
[Music]
26:52
over time the nuna supercontinent broke
26:56
up into smaller continents
27:02
but once again plate techtonics
27:05
reassembled a supercontinent this one
27:07
called Rodinia in equator region slabs
27:11
of oceanic plates subducted under
27:13
continental plates gradually accumulated
27:15
in the mantle transition zone eventually
27:18
these slabs fell down into the core the
27:21
slabs cooled the outer core changing the
27:24
flow of electricity within as a result
27:28
the cores dipole magnetic fields
27:31
transformed into a weaker quadrupole
27:33
magnetic field the Milky Way galaxy
27:42
collided with a dwarf galaxy and
27:45
underwent to transition into starburst
27:47
conditions over time these newly
27:51
produced stars ended in supernova
27:53
explosions bombarding the earth with
27:56
cosmic rays the earth with its weak
28:01
quadrupole magnetic field was heavily
28:04
affected clouds covered the entire earth
28:07
and ice covered its surface a series of
28:12
supernova explosions occurred long
28:16
periods of extreme heat were punctuated
28:18
by shorter periods of extreme cold in
28:22
the extremely cold periods oxygen in the
28:26
atmosphere fell to Archaean Eon levels
28:29
causing mass extinctions
28:32
these mass extinctions however created
28:35
great opportunities for life to evolve
28:38
into something completely new repeated
28:44
in fluxes of cosmic rays and drastic
28:46
fluctuations in oxygen levels these
28:50
environmental changes caused genetic
28:53
mutations that accelerated the
28:55
appearance of new species
28:57
[Music]
29:05
the starburst period ended and the
29:08
Earth’s core reverted to a stronger
29:10
dipole magnetic field ongoing
29:13
photosynthesis returned the oxygen in
29:16
the atmosphere to previous levels
29:19
meanwhile the Inner Earth was gradually
29:23
cooling down when the Inner Earth is hot
29:26
enough the components of water trapped
29:30
in minerals in the oceanic plates are
29:32
released to the surface environment and
29:35
the sea water level is unaffected
29:40
[Music]
29:42
however once the mantle temperature
29:45
drops below 650 degrees Celsius minerals
29:50
carry these water components down into
29:53
the upper mantle
29:59
meanwhile on the surface deprived of the
30:02
components of water sea levels gradually
30:05
decrease this is known as the leaking
30:10
earth phenomena which is inevitable on a
30:13
cooling planet this leaking effect moved
30:19
3% of all sea water into the deeper
30:23
mantle sea level dropped by 600 metres
30:26
as a result surface land areas grew as
30:30
did continental shelf areas receiving
30:32
sunlight a habitat for future life on
30:36
earth was being created rivers carried
30:45
nutrients from the inlands down to the
30:47
continental shelves and the additional
30:50
landmass significantly accelerated the
30:52
build-up of oxygen in the atmosphere
30:56
these processes set the stage for an
30:59
explosive evolution of life-forms
31:02
[Music]
31:16
[Music]
31:23
extreme climate changes continued
31:25
putting life on a path to new
31:28
evolutional stages for survival life
31:32
evolved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes
31:34
living together as ever larger symbiotic
31:38
organisms compensating for each other’s
31:40
shortcomings and thriving as a whole
31:43
this greatly expanded the possibilities
31:46
for forms of life
31:49
[Music]
31:53
life forms grew to 1 million times the
31:56
size of eukaryotes and 1 trillion times
31:59
the size of prokaryotes the appearance
32:03
of multicellular life was a critical
32:06
leap for evolution
32:07
[Music]
32:21
another glaciation period came and life
32:24
suffered a mass extinction with time
32:28
this glaciation also passed and the
32:30
global climate gradually warmed
32:33
phosphorus and other materials essential
32:36
for life circulated through the climate
32:38
system and accumulated in the oceans the
32:41
animals of the Ediacaran period appeared
32:44
at this time dick and Sonia are iconic
32:50
among the Ediacaran fauna
32:52
some grew to over 1 metre in length they
32:55
were soft bodied creatures with no shell
32:57
or skeleton
32:59
[Music]
33:05
they probably lived in warm shallow
33:07
marine environments around the Rodinia
33:10
supercontinent
33:11
[Music]
33:20
the supply of nutrients from the land
33:22
was ever-increasing as was atmospheric
33:25
oxygen the amount of ferrous iron in the
33:29
oceans increased the ferrous iron
33:31
oxidized once again creating large bands
33:34
of iron phosphorus and calcium levels in
33:38
the ocean increased life evolved to use
33:41
these elements becoming animals with
33:43
bones and shells for example the calcium
33:49
helped protect micro dikteon from other
33:51
animals their bodies used calcium to
33:55
form a covering of hard scales life
34:00
evolves to survive making use of the
34:03
elements in its environment and the
34:07
Earth’s environment alters the shapes of
34:10
life
34:11
[Music]
34:20
the earth entered another period of
34:23
climactic instability the earth
34:25
alternated between periods of extreme
34:27
heat and extreme cold for tens of
34:30
millions of years these severe changes
34:35
killed off the Ediacaran fauna
34:40
nevertheless new species were about to
34:43
appear radiation from inside the earth
34:53
plays a significant role in the
34:55
evolution of life
34:57
a continental rift is a place where a
35:01
continent breaks open to expose erupting
35:04
magma and radioactive elements radiation
35:08
hastens the creation of new species and
35:10
new branches in the Tree of Life
35:17
this is stem evolution creating new
35:21
species at continental rifts
35:28
life evolved separately on each small
35:31
continent when small continents
35:39
recombined their life forms crossbred
35:46
[Music]
35:49
different crossbreeding ‘he’s created
35:51
new forms of life variation thrived
35:56
this is crown evolution continental
36:02
collisions created more diverse surface
36:04
environments bays and gulfs on large
36:07
continents were especially well supplied
36:10
with nutrients from upstream making use
36:14
of these nutrients Cambrian era
36:16
life-forms diversified much more quickly
36:20
[Music]
36:22
the Cambrian explosion created some 35
36:26
new phyla
36:27
these phyla became the foundation for
36:30
the types of plants and animals we see
36:32
today
36:33
[Music]
36:39
there are three main ways that life
36:42
evolved mass extinctions that eradicated
36:46
many species stem evolution that
36:52
hastened genetic mutations when
36:53
continents broke apart and crown
36:57
evolution that hastened bio
36:59
diversification when continents collided
37:03
so the evolution of life is inextricably
37:07
linked to environmental changes due to
37:10
universal factors and continents
37:12
assembling together and breaking apart
37:16
[Music]
37:31
the ocean was more than five times as
37:34
saline as it is today 600 million years
37:38
ago the ocean gradually became less
37:40
salty salt from seawater was relocated
37:46
to the land in the form of rock salt
37:50
decreasing sea levels made this possible
37:52
through more exposed land even if
37:56
seawater rose again high enough to
37:58
reclaim the rock salt most of it had
38:02
become inaccessible encased in sediments
38:07
the decrease in seawater salinity made
38:10
the ocean more hospitable to diverse
38:12
life-forms estuaries and open seas
38:15
welcomed new life with increasing
38:20
atmospheric oxygen levels an ozone layer
38:23
formed in the Earth’s upper atmosphere
38:25
the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet
38:28
radiation from the Sun the land was
38:31
becoming a more habitable environment
38:40
[Music]
38:42
Algie was the first life-form to
38:45
transition out of the water onto the
38:48
challenging land environment
38:51
this is why algae evolved before animals
38:54
did
38:58
when insects appeared they co-evolved
39:01
together with plants
39:14
appearing during the Cambrian explosion
39:17
fish were the first of the vertebrates
39:20
animals with backbones fish are the
39:24
oldest vertebrate ancestors of us humans
39:37
as fish continued to evolve xeo Steger
39:41
appeared the ancestor of amphibians
39:47
[Music]
39:56
plants flourished producing free oxygen
39:59
through photosynthesis providing the
40:03
atmosphere with 1.5 times as much oxygen
40:06
as it has today
40:10
long after the remains of these plants
40:13
would become sedimentary coal that coal
40:17
would help fuel the remarkable
40:19
breakthroughs for human civilization
40:21
that started with the Industrial
40:23
Revolution
40:29
[Music]
40:43
next vertebrates equipped with lungs
40:46
appeared and made their way onto land
40:58
[Music]
41:00
the tree of life evolved branching from
41:04
fish to amphibians to reptiles and then
41:07
dinosaurs and mammals and eventually to
41:12
humans this guy hasn’t found out about
41:17
all that just yet
41:22
[Music]
41:29
[Music]
41:37
the solar system collided with the Dark
41:39
Nebula as the solar system passed
41:42
through the nebula the earth was
41:44
bombarded with cosmic rays
41:55
the earth entered yet another frozen age
42:00
plants were affected first dramatically
42:03
reducing the oxygen they supplied to the
42:05
atmosphere the surface environment
42:07
reverted to an anaerobic state like
42:11
during the Archean period the lack of
42:13
oxygen killed off most species of
42:16
amphibians reptiles and insects life
42:20
managed to continue evolving but faced
42:24
another big challenge
42:27
[Music]
42:39
untouched by the evolutionary changes on
42:42
the Earth’s surface anaerobic
42:44
microorganisms had been thriving in
42:46
oxygen-poor underground environments the
42:50
new oxygen-poor surface environment
42:52
allowed them to re-emerge on land and in
42:55
oceans their native habitat expanded
42:59
across the globe as oxygen levels rose
43:02
again these microorganisms evolved to
43:05
adapt to the new environmental
43:07
conditions setting the stage for another
43:11
phase of evolution
43:16
the emergence of new creatures that
43:19
would evolve into humans was close at
43:22
hand
43:31
you
43:36
[Music]
43:44
[Music]
43:48
on the supercontinent Pangea
43:53
mammals and reptiles appeared and
43:56
started evolving under a warm climate
44:01
[Music]
44:05
while reptiles diversified into many
44:08
varieties mammals remained nocturnal rat
44:13
sized animals the mammals were in the
44:18
shadows
44:21
[Music]
44:31
with the appearance of dinosaurs
44:33
reptiles entered for Golden Age
44:37
[Music]
44:40
dinosaurs prevailed against many other
44:43
animal species and won the struggle for
44:46
survival
44:47
[Music]
44:51
high-radiation magma is produced when a
44:54
continent is split apart and this is
44:57
where stem evolution occurs due to
44:59
induced mutation dinosaurs were at the
45:03
pinnacle of their ecosystems
45:05
[Music]
45:15
[Music]
45:20
the pieces of northern Pangaea that had
45:23
split later rejoined this caused crown
45:29
evolution
45:33
amalgamation of continents brings the
45:36
hybridization of life and new species
45:41
spread out to other continents
45:44
[Music]
46:01
[Music]
46:03
dinosaurs flourished all over the world
46:13
in the plant world angiosperms with
46:17
advanced reproductive capacities
46:19
appeared
46:24
angiosperms utilize animals to help with
46:26
pollination and thus flourished on the
46:32
other hand the habitat of gymnosperms
46:34
was reduced primates the ancestors of
46:50
humans appeared at the rift of the
46:52
Gondwana super continent via stem
46:56
evolution new species appeared among the
46:59
rodents such as rats
47:02
[Music]
47:08
with time Gondwana split into South
47:12
America and Africa after South America
47:17
was isolated the primates there evolved
47:20
into the new world monkeys
47:22
[Music]
47:26
on the African continent the primates
47:28
evolved into the old-world monkeys after
47:32
the Indian subcontinent
47:34
split off from Antarctica primates on
47:37
this continent evolved into the lorises
47:40
primates evolved independently on each
47:43
continent and in this way many species
47:47
of primate appeared
47:49
[Music]
47:52
a large-scale Pacific super-plume pushed
47:59
the Pacific plate up and raised the sea
48:02
level lowlands fell below sea level and
48:07
the total land area decreased
48:12
rising sea-levels segmented the
48:14
continent providing isolated
48:16
environments for individualized
48:18
morphological evolution
48:20
[Music]
48:26
a universe scale event had changed
48:30
Earth’s surface environment the solar
48:34
system collided with a Dark Nebula the
48:38
earth was entirely covered by clouds
48:47
global cooling progressed catastrophic
48:50
Li damaging ecosystems
49:05
you
49:08
finally a meteorite ten kilometers
49:11
across fell on the Yucatan Peninsula
49:17
this event was the final trigger to
49:20
cause the mass extinction of dinosaurs
49:22
the fate of the Earth’s life is deeply
49:29
connected to the events in the universe
49:39
universe scale events can cause global
49:43
cooling and mass extinctions
49:47
[Music]
49:51
moreover galactic cosmic rays directly
49:55
affect the DNA that carries the
49:57
blueprints of life
50:00
cosmic rays cause mutations which
50:02
promote evolution
50:06
all aspects of life on the earth are
50:09
thus influenced by universe scale events
50:20
finally the dinosaurs that had
50:23
flourished went extinct
50:39
[Music]
50:53
along the African Rift Valley explosive
50:57
volcanic activity continued and peculiar
51:01
magma containing abundant radioactive
51:04
elements erupted old world monkeys a new
51:07
clade of primates appeared there they
51:12
are thought to be our remote ancestors
51:16
[Music]
51:28
about 4.5 billion years have passed
51:31
since the birth of the earth
51:35
large fluctuations in terrestrial
51:37
environments have occurred repeatedly a
51:40
never-ending cycle of life and death
51:49
finally human beings appeared this was
51:55
the onset of the humans Oh Akhil
52:01
humans have a unique set of genetic
52:05
regions called human accelerated regions
52:07
or har s and these regions differentiate
52:11
humans from other animals humans
52:14
developed enlarged brains that enable
52:16
them to gain language capabilities they
52:19
also gained the abilities to think to be
52:21
conscious to remember and to imagine
52:27
the brain volume of human beings has
52:30
discontinuously increased in three
52:32
stages the growth of brain volume seems
52:36
to be synchronized with large-scale
52:38
volcanic eruptions this indicates that
52:43
the increase in brain volume is caused
52:45
by stem evolution driven by high our
52:48
magma
52:49
[Music]
53:02
about 1 million two hundred thousand
53:04
years ago humans started moving out of
53:07
the African continent the last common
53:10
female ancestor who left the African
53:12
continent 200,000 years ago is called
53:15
mitochondrial Eve descendants of
53:20
mitochondrial Eve entered North America
53:23
and Central America fifteen thousand
53:25
years ago ten thousand years ago further
53:28
descendents reached the southern tip of
53:30
South America they had spread all over
53:33
the world since then an epical advance
53:36
of human civilization has taken place
53:41
[Music]
53:45
humans invented agriculture and
53:47
livestock production with these methods
53:49
a stable food supply became possible
53:52
human populations increased rapidly
53:56
[Music]
54:01
various occupational specializations
54:04
arose people began to barter and trade
54:06
to enable effective bartering cities
54:12
formed
54:15
with time small cities developed into
54:18
small city states with currencies
54:20
economies laws courts and police finally
54:27
the four great civilizations of the
54:29
world appeared along large rivers where
54:31
food productivity is higher than in
54:33
other regions conflicts in fighting over
54:41
territory occurred between civilizations
54:43
[Music]
54:47
to avoid fighting religions spread to
54:51
replace governance by royal families
54:53
entrenched through inheritance with time
54:57
national leaders came to be elected by
55:00
voters modern democratic nations
55:02
appeared democracy is a social form that
55:06
grants freedom equality and basic human
55:09
rights the Industrial Revolution began
55:16
in Great Britain after the Principia by
55:18
Isaac Newton was published
55:23
new technologies established or applied
55:25
based on scientific knowledge
55:27
dramatically changed human society the
55:33
invention of the steam locomotive
55:35
enabled transportation of goods by
55:37
railway the invention of cars and
55:43
airplanes enabled us to travel long
55:45
distances easily
55:49
[Music]
55:52
human society entered the age of
55:55
never-before-seen abundance
55:58
[Music]
56:04
however war occurred incessantly
56:09
sometimes irreversible tragedy was
56:12
caused by the misapplication of
56:14
scientific knowledge
56:24
the information revolution arose
56:27
following the invention of computers it
56:30
enabled human beings to explore the
56:32
universe as was symbolized by the Apollo
56:35
program and the invention of the
56:41
internet led to a new era in which
56:44
people across the world can connect with
56:46
each other in an instant
56:48
[Music]
56:53
out of contrition over past Wars the
56:58
birth of a unified world nation is
57:00
coming to be realized in 1993 the EU was
57:05
formed as a unified state in Europe
57:08
where Wars had recurred most frequently
57:13
in other areas similar Federation’s have
57:17
been emerging bringing us closer to the
57:19
birth of a unified world nation
57:23
[Music]
57:28
within the scope of Earth’s history the
57:31
human azoic era is very short however it
57:36
is humans entire history unfolding
57:39
within the context of the Earth’s
57:40
history
57:42
biologically human beings are just one
57:44
species of animal
57:47
however we are essentially different
57:50
from other animals because of our
57:52
evolved brains
57:53
[Music]
57:56
what else lies ahead for human beings
58:00
[Music]
58:04
you
58:07
[Music]
58:15
[Music]
58:22
human activities have been dependent on
58:25
fossil fuel fossil fuel was produced and
58:29
accumulated through Earth’s history over
58:31
billions of years we are now using up
58:36
these fuels at a furious pace the amount
58:41
of fossil fuel remaining is expected to
58:43
decrease sharply after 2020
58:46
it was once assumed that fossil fuel
58:49
would one out by 2100 however due to the
58:53
shale gas revolution this depletion will
58:56
be delayed 100 years progress in medical
59:00
technology and the intake of nutritious
59:03
meals has caused explosive population
59:06
growth as a result serious food
59:10
shortages will occur around 2020 these
59:14
will mark the beginning of the era of 3
59:16
billion refugees however the world’s
59:22
population is expected to decrease to 5
59:25
billion by 2100 after peaking at 10
59:28
billion in 2050 until 2050 the
59:33
increasing population will continue to
59:36
cause serious environmental
59:38
contamination numerous global challenges
59:43
will amplify the anxiety within human
59:45
societies what does the future of human
59:50
beings hold
59:56
[Music]
59:59
in the field of science innovative
60:02
technologies will be developed at an
60:04
accelerated pace humans will build a
60:11
space base on the moon to prepare for
60:14
exploration of our solar systems planets
60:19
artificially intelligent robots will be
60:21
involved in space exploration assisting
60:24
humans in their tasks in the near future
60:28
self-replicating robots will appear and
60:30
will evolve beyond humans limits
60:37
these artificial life-forms will
60:40
gradually travel out into the galaxy
60:43
moreover new technology enabling us to
60:47
go into different dimensions will be
60:49
developed humans must become able to
60:53
recognize the world beyond space and
60:55
time eventually the role of human beings
61:01
will be finished
61:06
that will be the end of the human is
61:09
Owen era
61:14
this scenario may be the inevitable
61:17
result of the strategy of life’s
61:19
evolution because in the future the
61:23
earth will face more upheavals than ever
61:25
before in its history centering on Asia
61:40
all continents will gather to form the
61:43
supercontinent Amasia
61:49
[Music]
61:53
plants consume atmospheric co2 to fix
61:57
carbon in their bodies dead plants made
62:01
of fixed carbon are covered by sediment
62:03
this process plays a role in reducing
62:06
atmospheric co2 the appearance of the
62:11
supercontinent Amasia will lead to an
62:14
increase in the land area that can fix
62:16
carbon more plants on a larger
62:18
supercontinent reduce more atmospheric
62:21
co2 the amount of co2 will decrease to
62:25
one tenth of the present level the c4
62:31
plants requiring higher concentrations
62:34
of co2 will go extinct as a result other
62:39
animals that rely on the c4 plants for
62:42
food will be affected seawater has been
62:47
decreasing for the past 600 million
62:49
years
62:50
as it has been transported into the
62:52
mantle in the form of hydras minerals
62:54
finally mid-oceanic ridges formed
62:58
summits above the seawater
63:01
water cannot be taken into the crust as
63:04
a lubricant anymore and plate tectonics
63:07
is terminated
63:12
this is the fate of a cooling planet
63:21
volcanic activity along these subduction
63:24
zone stops upheaval of the mountains
63:28
stops the earth suffers severe
63:31
environmental changes due to erosion
63:33
[Music]
63:37
subducted cold plates do not go down to
63:39
the bottom of the mantle the outer core
63:43
is not cooled down anymore and the
63:45
geomagnetic field disappears
63:47
[Music]
63:52
Earth’s atmosphere is removed by the
63:54
solar wind
63:58
at this point in time large
64:01
multicellular animals living in the
64:03
surface environment go extinct when the
64:10
ocean disappears animals that survived
64:13
in the ocean will also die
64:15
[Music]
64:16
finally all the Earth’s life disappears
64:22
the heating up of the solar surface
64:25
increases the Earth’s surface
64:27
temperature to 500 degrees Celsius the
64:31
earth becomes a Venus like planet
64:40
the andromeda galaxy collides with our
64:43
Milky Way galaxy because of this
64:47
collision the birth rate of stars
64:49
increases with time those stars undergo
64:54
supernova explosions intense galactic
64:58
cosmic rays rain on the earth
65:08
the expanding Sun will swallow the earth
65:15
this is the day when the planet Earth
65:18
that gave birth to life will disappear
65:20
from the universe
65:27
by that time the Earth’s life will have
65:30
reached other galaxies as
65:33
self-replicating artificial life in a
65:36
different form
65:37
[Music]
