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The Whole History of the Earth and Life – Video
Transcipt (The Whole History of the Earth and Life
00:01[Music]00:16more than 4.5 billion years ago the00:19Milky Way galaxy collided with a nearby00:22dwarf galaxy this encounter hastened the00:25formation of stars our solar system is a00:30part of the Milky Way galaxy within the00:37solar system material circulation had00:39been progressing00:42[Music]00:48the water component from the outer00:50region evaporated to make materials try00:55[Music]00:59through this process particles were01:02zonally distributed depending on their01:04water content the bipolar flow stopped01:09and with it material circulation some01:14regions around the Sun with high01:17particle density appeared within these01:22regions collisions frequently occurred01:24small particles gradually grew to become01:27planetesimals01:34planetesimals continued colliding with01:36smaller particles and other01:38planetesimals eventually growing to01:41planets such as the earth01:42[Music]01:53[Music]02:01a number of planets were moving in the02:04same orbit02:04[Music]02:08the early Earth collided with a smaller02:11mars-sized planet02:27[Music]02:33debris from this impact eventually came02:36to form our moon02:37[Music]02:43the earth-moon system as we know it02:46today was in place02:48[Music]03:10the early dry earth had neither an03:14atmosphere nor an ocean countless03:18planetesimals and icy planets of barded03:22the earth over a period of 200 million03:26years03:27an ocean atmosphere system is being03:30formed from carbon hydrogen oxygen and03:33nitrogen contained in planetesimals at03:39that time the ocean was still toxic with03:42high salinity and an overabundance of03:45heavy metals it was too toxic to support03:50life03:58[Music]04:00asteroids that reached a diameter of04:031,000 kilometers04:05flew into the earth on impact both the04:11crust and asteroids became plasma in an04:15instant the surface was covered with04:19magma in the center of the crater a04:23basaltic central cone formed this04:29creates an up flow in the mantle as the04:34magma cooled and solidified a basaltic04:37crust thinner than the continental crust04:39formed this is called oceanic crust04:44[Music]04:49surface water flowed into the giant04:52crater forming small puddles that turned04:55into one large ocean the subsequent05:05rising mantle created a breach in the05:08oceanic crust and formed a ridge05:15uplift of the plate by mantle convection05:18caused horizontal slippage due to the05:21weight of the plate this is plate05:25tectonics in action05:29[Music]05:37the oceanic plate subducting under the05:40lighter continental plate05:53weathered sediments neutralized the05:56ultra acidic ocean06:05heavy metals settled out and became06:08fixed as deposits at the mid-oceanic06:11ridge these deposits were transported06:15through plate tectonics into the deep06:18mantle gradually the ocean became a06:29habitable environment06:36since 4.2 billion years ago a liquid06:40core has formed in the center of the06:42earth convection within the liquid core06:45created a strong magnetic field06:48surrounding the earth this geomagnetic06:52field shields the Earth’s surface from06:55solar winds and cosmic rays the Earth’s06:59surface was nearing readiness for life07:10[Music]07:19the early Earth when the atmosphere07:21prevented sunlight from reaching the07:23surface primitive life was about to07:28emerge underground in the cave of a07:31geyser07:35[Music]07:44uranium ore emitted large amounts of07:46radiation creating a diverse range of07:49materials and eventually producing the07:52early building blocks of life water08:02boiled and rose up to the surface and08:05the surface water flowed back down into08:07the natural nuclear reactor the08:11temperature of the geyser water remained08:13below 100 degrees08:15protecting the newly formed biomolecules08:18the underground environment was08:20reductive while the surface environment08:23oxidizing these conditions were08:25necessary to synthesize biomolecules08:29[Music]08:32in the earth hidden eeeh tidal forces08:35were much more pronounced than they are08:37today08:40even Lakes had significant urban flow of08:44water creating wet and dry cycles these08:48wet and dry cycles were one of the most08:51crucial factors in producing the08:53building blocks of life08:56[Music]09:10fatty acids came together encasing the09:13proto life molecules09:33polymerization progressed under the wet09:35and dry cycles eventually protein like09:39basic materials that could act as09:42catalysts were produced these molecules09:50circulated between the geyser cave and09:52the surface environment the interactions09:55of these materials led to more complex09:57biomolecules proto RNA combined with10:10enzyme like basic materials and evolved10:13into ribozymes which had the ability to10:17replicate themselves10:20this laid the groundwork for life to10:24reproduce finally these molecules were10:32enclosed within lipid membranes forming10:35primitive proto cellular life10:38[Music]10:52this was the beginning of life10:59[Music]11:15[Music]11:19the Earth’s plate tectonics which had11:22begun with the creation of its ocean11:24eventually destroyed its primordial11:26continent and subsumed it to the deep11:29mantle by four billion years ago the11:36mother continent had disappeared leaving11:38life on the margins of a fragmented11:40landmass11:44[Music]11:51inside the earth a dramatic change was11:55about to begin12:01[Music]12:04the subducted primordial continent12:06descended toward the core-mantle12:08boundary12:15the wealth of radioactive elements in12:17the primordial continent caused the12:19uppermost part of the core to melt12:30by 4.2 billion years ago the12:33newly-created liquid outer core was12:35strengthening the Earth’s magnetic field12:38protecting the surface environment12:39against solar winds and cosmic rays as a12:47result life could exist on the surface12:50environment12:52[Music]13:02the supply of energy and nutrients13:05through material circulation is13:06necessary for life the essential13:11mechanism to maintain life is an endless13:14flow of electrons the first pro to life13:19couldn’t survive very far from the13:21nuclear geyser due to insufficient13:23energy13:34mutations however allowed life to evolve13:38[Music]13:41the more resilient life-forms were able13:44to adapt and survive in harsh13:46environments13:50[Music]13:54this second stage of proto life evolved13:57to make use of the sunlight available on14:00the Earth’s surface14:01[Music]14:07they developed metabolism that converted14:10light energy into electrochemical energy14:18moreover they used sugars to store14:21energy for the sunless night hours14:28the source of energy for life on earth14:31shifted from nuclear geysers to the Sun14:35[Music]14:56around 4.1 billion years ago the ocean15:00was still extremely toxic killing off15:03most of the proto life-forms within it15:08nevertheless some proto life-forms15:11survived the extreme environment15:14[Music]15:25they developed protective mechanisms to15:28prevent the metallic ions in the ocean15:30water from entering their protocells15:33[Music]15:40this proto life began coalescing into15:43larger and more complex forms15:46[Music]15:51modern life-forms use only twenty kinds15:54of amino acids this means our ancestors15:59that used the same amino acids were the16:01ones that survived the mass extinction16:03[Music]16:06evolution walks a perilous tightrope16:08between continuing and ending unstable16:13RNA evolved through ionizing radiation16:16into more durable DNA making it possible16:20to reliably pass information across16:22generations16:25and the third stage of proto life was16:29born this was the beginning of16:35prokaryotic organisms the ancestors of16:38today’s archaea and bacteria16:49[Music]17:01oxygen when unbound to any other17:04material can be toxic to life because17:07oxygen destroys the reductive life body17:09[Music]17:19therefore the first photosynthetic17:22organisms would have been anaerobic17:24microbes which produced no oxygen life17:36however adapted taking advantage of17:39oxygen as a valuable source of17:46additional energy this development17:57resulted in the appearance of17:59cyanobacteria18:09cyanobacteria produced oxygen which18:12crystallized into felsic iron-bearing18:14oxide reducing the iron content of the18:17ocean still the ocean was five times as18:21saline as it is today as the Earth’s18:35interior cooled old slabs of the18:39primordial crust resting at the bottom18:42of the upper mantle fell into the lower18:44mantle19:01meanwhile numerous mantle plumes19:04ascended from the lower mantle into the19:06upper mantle this phenomenon is known as19:11mantle overturn mantle plumes pushed the19:15basaltic crust upward generating19:17landmass19:25this created shallow marine environments19:28penetrated by sunlight which allowed the19:31cyanobacteria to flourish19:48the oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria19:51gradually altered the Earth’s atmosphere19:54[Music]19:58on the ocean floor ferric and ferrous20:02iron were accumulating in the form of20:05hematite and magnetite creating a20:07massive banded iron formation by 2.520:12billion years ago the remaining banded20:14iron formation was a few kilometers20:17thick20:18this rapid decrease in iron content20:21changed the color of the ocean to a20:24familiar blue life began to change the20:28surface environment such is the20:31coevolution of the earth and its20:33inhabitants20:35this was an important step in life on20:38Earth’s long journey toward civilization20:44a collision between the Milky Way and a21:05nearby dwarf galaxy produced countless21:08glowing stars within a few thousand21:14years some of these stars ended in21:17supernova explosions a myriad of cosmic21:22rays from the supernova deteriorated the21:24sun’s heliosphere and bombarded the21:27earth21:31[Music]21:34these cosmic rays help generate cloud21:37condensation nuclei which produced more21:40and more clouds until the earth was21:42completely blanketed with them the thick21:46cloud cover prevented sunlight from21:48reaching the surface of the earth the21:56earth underwent a global glaciation21:58event known as the snowball earth this22:02caused another global mass extinction22:06[Music]22:18but once again some life survived yet22:22another difficult period beneath the ice22:24sheet tiny life was protected by the22:32Earth’s massive circulating system22:36[Music]22:40and the earth is similarly held in place22:43by the solar system and the expansive22:45universe life is but one part of an22:54enormous system23:00[Music]23:19the prokaryotes survived the snowball23:21earth evolving into more complex life23:24such as endosymbiotic systems living23:27together inside cells they formed23:33mitochondria and chloroplasts which23:36allowed them to get more energy from23:37oxygen23:43[Music]23:52a single prokaryote body could contain23:55thousands of mitochondria23:57[Music]24:02a nuclear membrane formed protecting DNA24:07from the oxygen dense ocean water24:11[Music]24:17DNA strands grew longer retaining ever24:20more genetic information life evolved24:26into more diverse and complex organisms24:34at long last the eukaryotes appeared the24:41eukaryotes grew a million times larger24:44than the prokaryotes24:49in theory everything inevitably falls24:52into disorder24:55[Music]24:57and yet life is orderly and increasingly25:01complex life seems to continue evolving25:09undeterred by universal entropy25:13[Music]25:25[Music]25:29plate tectonics caused small developing25:32continents to assemble into a single25:35supercontinent called nuna as nuna25:40formed its burgeoning landmass provided25:43cyanobacteria with an expanding habitat25:47in its lakes rivers wetlands and25:50estuaries cyanobacteria produces free26:00oxygen through photosynthesis at that26:05time however most of the free oxygen26:07produced was consumed in decomposing26:10dead cyanobacteria so very little free26:14oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere on26:16land however dead cyanobacteria got26:21buried under sediments26:25so oxygen that would have broken down26:28their bodies instead ended up in the26:31atmosphere the presence of a large26:34landmass helped increase the amount of26:37oxygen in the atmosphere as the total26:40land area on the surface of the earth26:42increased so too did atmospheric oxygen26:45levels dramatically26:47[Music]26:52over time the nuna supercontinent broke26:56up into smaller continents27:02but once again plate techtonics27:05reassembled a supercontinent this one27:07called Rodinia in equator region slabs27:11of oceanic plates subducted under27:13continental plates gradually accumulated27:15in the mantle transition zone eventually27:18these slabs fell down into the core the27:21slabs cooled the outer core changing the27:24flow of electricity within as a result27:28the cores dipole magnetic fields27:31transformed into a weaker quadrupole27:33magnetic field the Milky Way galaxy27:42collided with a dwarf galaxy and27:45underwent to transition into starburst27:47conditions over time these newly27:51produced stars ended in supernova27:53explosions bombarding the earth with27:56cosmic rays the earth with its weak28:01quadrupole magnetic field was heavily28:04affected clouds covered the entire earth28:07and ice covered its surface a series of28:12supernova explosions occurred long28:16periods of extreme heat were punctuated28:18by shorter periods of extreme cold in28:22the extremely cold periods oxygen in the28:26atmosphere fell to Archaean Eon levels28:29causing mass extinctions28:32these mass extinctions however created28:35great opportunities for life to evolve28:38into something completely new repeated28:44in fluxes of cosmic rays and drastic28:46fluctuations in oxygen levels these28:50environmental changes caused genetic28:53mutations that accelerated the28:55appearance of new species28:57[Music]29:05the starburst period ended and the29:08Earth’s core reverted to a stronger29:10dipole magnetic field ongoing29:13photosynthesis returned the oxygen in29:16the atmosphere to previous levels29:19meanwhile the Inner Earth was gradually29:23cooling down when the Inner Earth is hot29:26enough the components of water trapped29:30in minerals in the oceanic plates are29:32released to the surface environment and29:35the sea water level is unaffected29:40[Music]29:42however once the mantle temperature29:45drops below 650 degrees Celsius minerals29:50carry these water components down into29:53the upper mantle29:59meanwhile on the surface deprived of the30:02components of water sea levels gradually30:05decrease this is known as the leaking30:10earth phenomena which is inevitable on a30:13cooling planet this leaking effect moved30:193% of all sea water into the deeper30:23mantle sea level dropped by 600 metres30:26as a result surface land areas grew as30:30did continental shelf areas receiving30:32sunlight a habitat for future life on30:36earth was being created rivers carried30:45nutrients from the inlands down to the30:47continental shelves and the additional30:50landmass significantly accelerated the30:52build-up of oxygen in the atmosphere30:56these processes set the stage for an30:59explosive evolution of life-forms31:02[Music]31:16[Music]31:23extreme climate changes continued31:25putting life on a path to new31:28evolutional stages for survival life31:32evolved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes31:34living together as ever larger symbiotic31:38organisms compensating for each other’s31:40shortcomings and thriving as a whole31:43this greatly expanded the possibilities31:46for forms of life31:49[Music]31:53life forms grew to 1 million times the31:56size of eukaryotes and 1 trillion times31:59the size of prokaryotes the appearance32:03of multicellular life was a critical32:06leap for evolution32:07[Music]32:21another glaciation period came and life32:24suffered a mass extinction with time32:28this glaciation also passed and the32:30global climate gradually warmed32:33phosphorus and other materials essential32:36for life circulated through the climate32:38system and accumulated in the oceans the32:41animals of the Ediacaran period appeared32:44at this time dick and Sonia are iconic32:50among the Ediacaran fauna32:52some grew to over 1 metre in length they32:55were soft bodied creatures with no shell32:57or skeleton32:59[Music]33:05they probably lived in warm shallow33:07marine environments around the Rodinia33:10supercontinent33:11[Music]33:20the supply of nutrients from the land33:22was ever-increasing as was atmospheric33:25oxygen the amount of ferrous iron in the33:29oceans increased the ferrous iron33:31oxidized once again creating large bands33:34of iron phosphorus and calcium levels in33:38the ocean increased life evolved to use33:41these elements becoming animals with33:43bones and shells for example the calcium33:49helped protect micro dikteon from other33:51animals their bodies used calcium to33:55form a covering of hard scales life34:00evolves to survive making use of the34:03elements in its environment and the34:07Earth’s environment alters the shapes of34:10life34:11[Music]34:20the earth entered another period of34:23climactic instability the earth34:25alternated between periods of extreme34:27heat and extreme cold for tens of34:30millions of years these severe changes34:35killed off the Ediacaran fauna34:40nevertheless new species were about to34:43appear radiation from inside the earth34:53plays a significant role in the34:55evolution of life34:57a continental rift is a place where a35:01continent breaks open to expose erupting35:04magma and radioactive elements radiation35:08hastens the creation of new species and35:10new branches in the Tree of Life35:17this is stem evolution creating new35:21species at continental rifts35:28life evolved separately on each small35:31continent when small continents35:39recombined their life forms crossbred35:46[Music]35:49different crossbreeding ‘he’s created35:51new forms of life variation thrived35:56this is crown evolution continental36:02collisions created more diverse surface36:04environments bays and gulfs on large36:07continents were especially well supplied36:10with nutrients from upstream making use36:14of these nutrients Cambrian era36:16life-forms diversified much more quickly36:20[Music]36:22the Cambrian explosion created some 3536:26new phyla36:27these phyla became the foundation for36:30the types of plants and animals we see36:32today36:33[Music]36:39there are three main ways that life36:42evolved mass extinctions that eradicated36:46many species stem evolution that36:52hastened genetic mutations when36:53continents broke apart and crown36:57evolution that hastened bio36:59diversification when continents collided37:03so the evolution of life is inextricably37:07linked to environmental changes due to37:10universal factors and continents37:12assembling together and breaking apart37:16[Music]37:31the ocean was more than five times as37:34saline as it is today 600 million years37:38ago the ocean gradually became less37:40salty salt from seawater was relocated37:46to the land in the form of rock salt37:50decreasing sea levels made this possible37:52through more exposed land even if37:56seawater rose again high enough to37:58reclaim the rock salt most of it had38:02become inaccessible encased in sediments38:07the decrease in seawater salinity made38:10the ocean more hospitable to diverse38:12life-forms estuaries and open seas38:15welcomed new life with increasing38:20atmospheric oxygen levels an ozone layer38:23formed in the Earth’s upper atmosphere38:25the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet38:28radiation from the Sun the land was38:31becoming a more habitable environment38:40[Music]38:42Algie was the first life-form to38:45transition out of the water onto the38:48challenging land environment38:51this is why algae evolved before animals38:54did38:58when insects appeared they co-evolved39:01together with plants39:14appearing during the Cambrian explosion39:17fish were the first of the vertebrates39:20animals with backbones fish are the39:24oldest vertebrate ancestors of us humans39:37as fish continued to evolve xeo Steger39:41appeared the ancestor of amphibians39:47[Music]39:56plants flourished producing free oxygen39:59through photosynthesis providing the40:03atmosphere with 1.5 times as much oxygen40:06as it has today40:10long after the remains of these plants40:13would become sedimentary coal that coal40:17would help fuel the remarkable40:19breakthroughs for human civilization40:21that started with the Industrial40:23Revolution40:29[Music]40:43next vertebrates equipped with lungs40:46appeared and made their way onto land40:58[Music]41:00the tree of life evolved branching from41:04fish to amphibians to reptiles and then41:07dinosaurs and mammals and eventually to41:12humans this guy hasn’t found out about41:17all that just yet41:22[Music]41:29[Music]41:37the solar system collided with the Dark41:39Nebula as the solar system passed41:42through the nebula the earth was41:44bombarded with cosmic rays41:55the earth entered yet another frozen age42:00plants were affected first dramatically42:03reducing the oxygen they supplied to the42:05atmosphere the surface environment42:07reverted to an anaerobic state like42:11during the Archean period the lack of42:13oxygen killed off most species of42:16amphibians reptiles and insects life42:20managed to continue evolving but faced42:24another big challenge42:27[Music]42:39untouched by the evolutionary changes on42:42the Earth’s surface anaerobic42:44microorganisms had been thriving in42:46oxygen-poor underground environments the42:50new oxygen-poor surface environment42:52allowed them to re-emerge on land and in42:55oceans their native habitat expanded42:59across the globe as oxygen levels rose43:02again these microorganisms evolved to43:05adapt to the new environmental43:07conditions setting the stage for another43:11phase of evolution43:16the emergence of new creatures that43:19would evolve into humans was close at43:22hand43:31you43:36[Music]43:44[Music]43:48on the supercontinent Pangea43:53mammals and reptiles appeared and43:56started evolving under a warm climate44:01[Music]44:05while reptiles diversified into many44:08varieties mammals remained nocturnal rat44:13sized animals the mammals were in the44:18shadows44:21[Music]44:31with the appearance of dinosaurs44:33reptiles entered for Golden Age44:37[Music]44:40dinosaurs prevailed against many other44:43animal species and won the struggle for44:46survival44:47[Music]44:51high-radiation magma is produced when a44:54continent is split apart and this is44:57where stem evolution occurs due to44:59induced mutation dinosaurs were at the45:03pinnacle of their ecosystems45:05[Music]45:15[Music]45:20the pieces of northern Pangaea that had45:23split later rejoined this caused crown45:29evolution45:33amalgamation of continents brings the45:36hybridization of life and new species45:41spread out to other continents45:44[Music]46:01[Music]46:03dinosaurs flourished all over the world46:13in the plant world angiosperms with46:17advanced reproductive capacities46:19appeared46:24angiosperms utilize animals to help with46:26pollination and thus flourished on the46:32other hand the habitat of gymnosperms46:34was reduced primates the ancestors of46:50humans appeared at the rift of the46:52Gondwana super continent via stem46:56evolution new species appeared among the46:59rodents such as rats47:02[Music]47:08with time Gondwana split into South47:12America and Africa after South America47:17was isolated the primates there evolved47:20into the new world monkeys47:22[Music]47:26on the African continent the primates47:28evolved into the old-world monkeys after47:32the Indian subcontinent47:34split off from Antarctica primates on47:37this continent evolved into the lorises47:40primates evolved independently on each47:43continent and in this way many species47:47of primate appeared47:49[Music]47:52a large-scale Pacific super-plume pushed47:59the Pacific plate up and raised the sea48:02level lowlands fell below sea level and48:07the total land area decreased48:12rising sea-levels segmented the48:14continent providing isolated48:16environments for individualized48:18morphological evolution48:20[Music]48:26a universe scale event had changed48:30Earth’s surface environment the solar48:34system collided with a Dark Nebula the48:38earth was entirely covered by clouds48:47global cooling progressed catastrophic48:50Li damaging ecosystems49:05you49:08finally a meteorite ten kilometers49:11across fell on the Yucatan Peninsula49:17this event was the final trigger to49:20cause the mass extinction of dinosaurs49:22the fate of the Earth’s life is deeply49:29connected to the events in the universe49:39universe scale events can cause global49:43cooling and mass extinctions49:47[Music]49:51moreover galactic cosmic rays directly49:55affect the DNA that carries the49:57blueprints of life50:00cosmic rays cause mutations which50:02promote evolution50:06all aspects of life on the earth are50:09thus influenced by universe scale events50:20finally the dinosaurs that had50:23flourished went extinct50:39[Music]50:53along the African Rift Valley explosive50:57volcanic activity continued and peculiar51:01magma containing abundant radioactive51:04elements erupted old world monkeys a new51:07clade of primates appeared there they51:12are thought to be our remote ancestors51:16[Music]51:28about 4.5 billion years have passed51:31since the birth of the earth51:35large fluctuations in terrestrial51:37environments have occurred repeatedly a51:40never-ending cycle of life and death51:49finally human beings appeared this was51:55the onset of the humans Oh Akhil52:01humans have a unique set of genetic52:05regions called human accelerated regions52:07or har s and these regions differentiate52:11humans from other animals humans52:14developed enlarged brains that enable52:16them to gain language capabilities they52:19also gained the abilities to think to be52:21conscious to remember and to imagine52:27the brain volume of human beings has52:30discontinuously increased in three52:32stages the growth of brain volume seems52:36to be synchronized with large-scale52:38volcanic eruptions this indicates that52:43the increase in brain volume is caused52:45by stem evolution driven by high our52:48magma52:49[Music]53:02about 1 million two hundred thousand53:04years ago humans started moving out of53:07the African continent the last common53:10female ancestor who left the African53:12continent 200,000 years ago is called53:15mitochondrial Eve descendants of53:20mitochondrial Eve entered North America53:23and Central America fifteen thousand53:25years ago ten thousand years ago further53:28descendents reached the southern tip of53:30South America they had spread all over53:33the world since then an epical advance53:36of human civilization has taken place53:41[Music]53:45humans invented agriculture and53:47livestock production with these methods53:49a stable food supply became possible53:52human populations increased rapidly53:56[Music]54:01various occupational specializations54:04arose people began to barter and trade54:06to enable effective bartering cities54:12formed54:15with time small cities developed into54:18small city states with currencies54:20economies laws courts and police finally54:27the four great civilizations of the54:29world appeared along large rivers where54:31food productivity is higher than in54:33other regions conflicts in fighting over54:41territory occurred between civilizations54:43[Music]54:47to avoid fighting religions spread to54:51replace governance by royal families54:53entrenched through inheritance with time54:57national leaders came to be elected by55:00voters modern democratic nations55:02appeared democracy is a social form that55:06grants freedom equality and basic human55:09rights the Industrial Revolution began55:16in Great Britain after the Principia by55:18Isaac Newton was published55:23new technologies established or applied55:25based on scientific knowledge55:27dramatically changed human society the55:33invention of the steam locomotive55:35enabled transportation of goods by55:37railway the invention of cars and55:43airplanes enabled us to travel long55:45distances easily55:49[Music]55:52human society entered the age of55:55never-before-seen abundance55:58[Music]56:04however war occurred incessantly56:09sometimes irreversible tragedy was56:12caused by the misapplication of56:14scientific knowledge56:24the information revolution arose56:27following the invention of computers it56:30enabled human beings to explore the56:32universe as was symbolized by the Apollo56:35program and the invention of the56:41internet led to a new era in which56:44people across the world can connect with56:46each other in an instant56:48[Music]56:53out of contrition over past Wars the56:58birth of a unified world nation is57:00coming to be realized in 1993 the EU was57:05formed as a unified state in Europe57:08where Wars had recurred most frequently57:13in other areas similar Federation’s have57:17been emerging bringing us closer to the57:19birth of a unified world nation57:23[Music]57:28within the scope of Earth’s history the57:31human azoic era is very short however it57:36is humans entire history unfolding57:39within the context of the Earth’s57:40history57:42biologically human beings are just one57:44species of animal57:47however we are essentially different57:50from other animals because of our57:52evolved brains57:53[Music]57:56what else lies ahead for human beings58:00[Music]58:04you58:07[Music]58:15[Music]58:22human activities have been dependent on58:25fossil fuel fossil fuel was produced and58:29accumulated through Earth’s history over58:31billions of years we are now using up58:36these fuels at a furious pace the amount58:41of fossil fuel remaining is expected to58:43decrease sharply after 202058:46it was once assumed that fossil fuel58:49would one out by 2100 however due to the58:53shale gas revolution this depletion will58:56be delayed 100 years progress in medical59:00technology and the intake of nutritious59:03meals has caused explosive population59:06growth as a result serious food59:10shortages will occur around 2020 these59:14will mark the beginning of the era of 359:16billion refugees however the world’s59:22population is expected to decrease to 559:25billion by 2100 after peaking at 1059:28billion in 2050 until 2050 the59:33increasing population will continue to59:36cause serious environmental59:38contamination numerous global challenges59:43will amplify the anxiety within human59:45societies what does the future of human59:50beings hold59:56[Music]59:59in the field of science innovative60:02technologies will be developed at an60:04accelerated pace humans will build a60:11space base on the moon to prepare for60:14exploration of our solar systems planets60:19artificially intelligent robots will be60:21involved in space exploration assisting60:24humans in their tasks in the near future60:28self-replicating robots will appear and60:30will evolve beyond humans limits60:37these artificial life-forms will60:40gradually travel out into the galaxy60:43moreover new technology enabling us to60:47go into different dimensions will be60:49developed humans must become able to60:53recognize the world beyond space and60:55time eventually the role of human beings61:01will be finished61:06that will be the end of the human is61:09Owen era61:14this scenario may be the inevitable61:17result of the strategy of life’s61:19evolution because in the future the61:23earth will face more upheavals than ever61:25before in its history centering on Asia61:40all continents will gather to form the61:43supercontinent Amasia61:49[Music]61:53plants consume atmospheric co2 to fix61:57carbon in their bodies dead plants made62:01of fixed carbon are covered by sediment62:03this process plays a role in reducing62:06atmospheric co2 the appearance of the62:11supercontinent Amasia will lead to an62:14increase in the land area that can fix62:16carbon more plants on a larger62:18supercontinent reduce more atmospheric62:21co2 the amount of co2 will decrease to62:25one tenth of the present level the c462:31plants requiring higher concentrations62:34of co2 will go extinct as a result other62:39animals that rely on the c4 plants for62:42food will be affected seawater has been62:47decreasing for the past 600 million62:49years62:50as it has been transported into the62:52mantle in the form of hydras minerals62:54finally mid-oceanic ridges formed62:58summits above the seawater63:01water cannot be taken into the crust as63:04a lubricant anymore and plate tectonics63:07is terminated63:12this is the fate of a cooling planet63:21volcanic activity along these subduction63:24zone stops upheaval of the mountains63:28stops the earth suffers severe63:31environmental changes due to erosion63:33[Music]63:37subducted cold plates do not go down to63:39the bottom of the mantle the outer core63:43is not cooled down anymore and the63:45geomagnetic field disappears63:47[Music]63:52Earth’s atmosphere is removed by the63:54solar wind63:58at this point in time large64:01multicellular animals living in the64:03surface environment go extinct when the64:10ocean disappears animals that survived64:13in the ocean will also die64:15[Music]64:16finally all the Earth’s life disappears64:22the heating up of the solar surface64:25increases the Earth’s surface64:27temperature to 500 degrees Celsius the64:31earth becomes a Venus like planet64:40the andromeda galaxy collides with our64:43Milky Way galaxy because of this64:47collision the birth rate of stars64:49increases with time those stars undergo64:54supernova explosions intense galactic64:58cosmic rays rain on the earth65:08the expanding Sun will swallow the earth65:15this is the day when the planet Earth65:18that gave birth to life will disappear65:20from the universe65:27by that time the Earth’s life will have65:30reached other galaxies as65:33self-replicating artificial life in a65:36different form65:37[Music]